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By Dr. Tapas Mishra, Senior Consultant Advanced Laparoscopic GI Surgeon & Bariatric Surgeon

A Hernia is one of the most common conditions that affects people of all ages and backgrounds. Though it may sound minor initially, if left untreated, a hernia can lead to severe complications and even become life-threatening. As a GI and Advanced Laparoscopic Surgeon, I believe it’s important to spread awareness about hernias — what they are, why they occur, how to recognize them, and the treatment options available.

What Is a Hernia?
A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. The most common hernias occur in the abdominal area, but they can also develop in other parts of the body.

Common Types of Hernias:

• Inguinal Hernia: Found in the groin area. Most common, especially in men.
• Umbilical Hernia: Occurs near the belly button. Seen in infants and adults.
• Incisional Hernia: Develops at the site of a previous surgical incision.
• Hiatal Hernia: Part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity.
• Femoral Hernia: Less common, seen more in women, occurring near the thigh.
• Epigastric Hernia: Found between the chest and belly button, due to a weakness in the abdominal wall.

What Causes a Hernia?

Hernias are generally caused by a combination of pressure and weakness in the muscle or connective tissue. Common causes include:

• Heavy lifting
• Chronic coughing or sneezing
• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Previous surgeries
• Aging
• Congenital defects (present at birth)

What Are the Symptoms?

While some hernias are painless and asymptomatic, many present noticeable symptoms:

• A visible bulge or lump in the abdomen or groin
• Pain or discomfort, especially when bending, coughing, or lifting
• A feeling of heaviness or pressure
• Weakness or burning sensation at the site
• In severe cases (strangulated hernia): nausea, vomiting, fever, and inability to pass stools or gas — this is a medical emergency

How Is a Hernia Diagnosed?

Most hernias can be diagnosed with a physical examination. However, in some cases, imaging tests such as:

• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI may be recommended to confirm the type, size, and extent of the hernia.